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日本： 《An estimate death toll of 300,000 has also been cited.》 Historian Tokushi Kasahara states "more than 100,000 and close to 200,000, or maybe more."[97] With the emergence of more information and data, he said that there is a possibility that the death toll could be higher. Hiroshi Yoshida concludes "more than 200,000" in his book.[98] Tomio Hora supports the information found in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which estimates a death toll of at least 200,000.[99][100] An estimate death toll of 300,000 has also been cited.
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澳大利亚 The casualty count of 300,000 was first promulgated in January 1938 by Harold Timperley, a journalist in China during the Japanese invasion, based on reports from contemporary eyewitnesses.[107]
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美国 According to the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, estimates made at a later date indicate that the total number of civilians and prisoners of war murdered in Nanjing and its vicinity during the first six weeks of the Japanese occupation was over 200,000. These estimates are borne out by the figures of burial societies and other organizations, which testify to over 155,000 buried bodies. These figures also do not take into account those persons whose bodies were destroyed by burning, drowning or other means, or whose bodies were interred in mass graves.[68] The most credible scholars in Japan, which include a large number of authoritative academics, support the validity of the tribunal and its findings.[8]

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中华人民共和国政府立场
300000受害者的数字写在侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆的墙上。
中华人民共和国的官方立场是，30万以上的中国人在南京遭到屠杀[59]。最初，这个数字被普遍承认为包括大屠杀遇难者和战死的中国士兵，20世纪80年代后才开始被解释为仅包括大屠杀遇难者[19]。
有历史学家不认同这一估计[1][25][60]。这一数字最初基于南京军事法庭的裁决，155,300具尸体的埋葬记录加上72,291具被毁的尸体总共有279,586人，但这一计算有着明显的错误[1]。而且，这一估计还包括对日军在幕府山杀害57,418名中国战俘的指控，但最新的研究表明被屠杀的战俘在4千到2万人之间[61][62]。它还包括据称被崇善堂掩埋的112,266具尸体，不过如今许多历史学家都同意崇善堂的记录如果不是完全捏造，至少也是夸大了[1][63][64]。若林正根据这一点得出结论，超过20万的估计是不可信的[1]。秦郁彦认为30万是一个“象征性的数字”，是中国战时苦难的代表，而不是一个字面意义的数字[65]。
中国政府则一直对30万遇难者的估计保持强硬立场[20][66]。中国学者认同官方数字，对提出不同数字的历史学家进行质疑[67]。研究中国的约克大学历史学家傅佛果谴责一些中国人夸大暴行的死亡人数然后“压制有异议的人”的行为[68]。
2006年，塔斯马尼亚大学的历史学家卡兹·罗丝（Kaz Ross）匿名采访了南京的一些大学研究人员，了解他们对南京大屠杀死亡人数的私人意见[69]。她发现，中国历史学家的估计偏向4-15万之间。与中华人民共和国相比，中华民国发布的中国抗日战争的官方历史指出大屠杀的死亡人数“超过10万人”[70]。