回复1136楼:
南京大屠杀的总死亡人数在中国及日本史学界是一个备受争议的话题。中国抗日战争爆发后，日本帝国陆军从上海开赴中华民国首都南京，继1937年12月13日日军进入南京后有大量中国战俘和平民遭到屠杀，具体死亡人数不明。自20世纪60年代末第一部关于南京大屠杀的学术著作出版以来，估算大屠杀的大致死亡人数一直是学术辩论的主要议题。
历史学家提出了范围不等的数字，但除了对证据的不同解释外，在界定大屠杀的范围以及判定谁属于“大屠杀遇难者”方面依然困难重重。认为大屠杀发生的地理范围更大以及持续时间更长的学者往往对“大屠杀遇难者”的划分更为广泛，他们一般对死亡人数的估计较大。例如，历史学家秦郁彦估计的死亡人数为4万，他称南京大屠杀仅于1937年12月13日至1938年2月初发生在南京城，只有平民和解除武装的战俘应被列为“大屠杀遇难者”。相反地，历史学家笠原十九司估计的死亡人数接近20万，他论证道南京大屠杀于1937年12月4日至1938年3月底发生在南京及周边农村地区，一些在战场上牺牲的中国士兵应与平民战俘一起被列为“大屠杀遇难者”。
加拿大日裔学者若林正认为，目前最可靠且被广泛认可的南京大屠杀死亡人数是4万至20万之间[1]，同时日本修正主义者和中华人民共和国政府分别对此提出了更低和更高的数字。最低的死亡估计数仅有1万人[2]，而中华人民共和国政府认为约有30万人死亡。

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日本： 《An estimate death toll of 300,000 has also been cited.》 Historian Tokushi Kasahara states "more than 100,000 and close to 200,000, or maybe more."[97] With the emergence of more information and data, he said that there is a possibility that the death toll could be higher. Hiroshi Yoshida concludes "more than 200,000" in his book.[98] Tomio Hora supports the information found in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which estimates a death toll of at least 200,000.[99][100] An estimate death toll of 300,000 has also been cited.
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澳大利亚 The casualty count of 300,000 was first promulgated in January 1938 by Harold Timperley, a journalist in China during the Japanese invasion, based on reports from contemporary eyewitnesses.[107]
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美国 According to the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, estimates made at a later date indicate that the total number of civilians and prisoners of war murdered in Nanjing and its vicinity during the first six weeks of the Japanese occupation was over 200,000. These estimates are borne out by the figures of burial societies and other organizations, which testify to over 155,000 buried bodies. These figures also do not take into account those persons whose bodies were destroyed by burning, drowning or other means, or whose bodies were interred in mass graves.[68] The most credible scholars in Japan, which include a large number of authoritative academics, support the validity of the tribunal and its findings.[8]