越南网友:为啥蒙古人战胜了中国,却被越南人打败了(图)
新闻来源: 知识万物 于2023-09-19 21:54:11 提示:新闻观点不代表本网立场
越南网友提问道：为什么蒙古人成功地战胜了中国，却被越南打败了？我们看看一名越南网友的回答。
越南网友Tran Phone Hung的回答
One interesting fact emerging from this period of history is that merely a handful of only Asian-based countries managed to really defeat the Mongols and prevent occupation. They were Vietnam, (combined forces with Champa), Java (now Indonesia), the Delhi Sultanate (India), Egypt and Japan.
这段历史中有一个有趣的事实是，只有少数几个亚洲国家成功地击败了蒙古人并阻止了侵略，他们是越南（与占婆的联合部队）、爪哇（现在的印度尼西亚）、德里苏丹国（印度）、埃及和日本。
Japan were thought to have been saved by a powerful storm the Japanese later called Kamikaze, or Divine Wind, that sank the mongol invasion fleet off the coast of Japan. That’s not to say Japan would definitely be conquered, in fact highly unlikely due to reinforcement problems and inability of the Mongols to implement their trademark lightning cavalry attacks because of the sea.
日本被认为是被一场强大的海洋风暴拯救的，这场风暴后来被日本人称为神风，使蒙古入侵舰队在日本海岸沉没。这并不是说日本一定会被征服，事实上，由于增援问题，以及蒙古人由于海战而无法实施其标志性的闪电骑兵攻击，日本极不可能被征服。
The Mongols were also defeated in several battles in Eastern Europe (such as in Hungry and Poland) but by and large they succeeded in conquering Eastern Europe including Russia at the end.
蒙古人在东欧的几场战役中也被击败（如在匈牙利和波兰），但总的来说，他们最终成功地征服了东欧，包括俄罗斯。
Most of the East Asian, including China, Central Asian, Middle Eastern countries subjected to the ancient ‘Blitzkrieg’ of the Mongols were also conquered.
大多数东亚国家，包括中国、中亚和中东国家，都被蒙古人征服了。
The Mongols were the first people who really made effective use of the speeds and in particular the amazing stamina of horses. The Mongols were people of the central Asia’s steppes and horses backs were their cradles at birth. They were said to be able to hit a bulls-eye with arrows while riding their horses flat out.
蒙古人是第一批真正有效利用骑兵速度速战速决的人，尤其再加上马惊人的耐力，让他们所向披靡。蒙古人是中亚草原上的人，马背是他们出生时的摇篮。据说他们能够在骑马时用箭射中靶心。
The Mongols fearsome reputation also played a big part in their successful conquest. They killed and massacred without mercy those who refused to be subjugated.The mere rumour of the Mongols’ approaching cavalries was enough to make many of their enemies flee or surrender without a fight. Those who chose to fight did so to their own perils. In Hungary, for example, the Mongols decimated half of the total population.
蒙古人骇人的名声也在他们成功征服的过程中发挥了重要作用。他们毫不留情地杀害和屠杀那些拒绝被征服的人。仅仅是蒙古人骑兵逼近的传言就足以让他们的许多敌人不战而败地逃跑或投降。那些选择战斗的人是为了自己的危险。例如，在匈牙利，蒙古人屠杀了一半的人口。
The Mongol fearsome cavalries.
蒙古人令人生畏的骑兵。
Those who showed submission were treated with relative respects. It wasn't uncommon for the Mongols to learn the cultures of the conquered peoples or even embrace their religions.
那些表现出顺从的人受到了相对尊重。蒙古人学习被征服民族的文化，甚至信奉他们的宗教，这并不罕见。
The Mongols were great learners of new technologies too. They absorbed advanced technologies like a sponge, especially those in the field of weaponries from the Middle East and particularly China, where gunpowder and cannons had been invented. They learned ship building and naval warfare from the Chinese also. They used these technologies with devastating effects on their conquests including in the countries where the technologies had originated from.
蒙古人也是新技术的伟大学习者。他们像海绵一样吸收了先进的技术，尤其是来自中东的武器领域的技术，特别是中国，那里发明了火药和大炮。他们还向中国人学习造船和海战。他们使用这些技术对他们的征服产生了毁灭性的影响，包括在这些技术起源的国家。
The above 5 nations won primarily because for one reason or another, they didn’t have to face the full head-on power and speed of Genghis Khan’s cavalry ‘Blitzkrieg’ tactic. It was due to the unfavourable(from the Mongols perspectives) locations or terrains of these countries. No one could have beaten the Mongols at their own game on the flat land otherwise.
上述5个国家之所以获胜，主要是因为他们不必面对成吉思汗骑兵“闪电战”战术的全面正面力量和速度。这是因为（从蒙古人的角度来看）这些国家的地理位置或地形不利。否则，没有人能在平坦的土地上在自己的游戏中击败蒙古人。
Even though China eventually succumbed to the Mongols she put up a long and determined resistance, several times coming close to defeating the Mongols. China proved to be the toughest nut to crack out of all the conquered nations. China was also the country that finally brought on the demise of the Mongol empire by eventually overthrowing the Yuan. Only after the great Genghis Khan had passed away that his grandson Kublai Khan succeeded in putting China under their rules by eventually defeating the Song Dynasty in 1276.
尽管中国最终屈服于蒙古人，但她进行了长期而坚定的抵抗，几次差点击败蒙古人。事实证明，在所有被征服的国家中，中国是最难对付的。中国也是最终推翻元朝而导致蒙古帝国灭亡的国家。直到伟大的成吉思汗去世后，他的孙子忽必烈才成功地将中国置于他们的统治之下，最终在1276年击败了宋朝。
While trying to conquer China, The Mongols decided to attack Vietnam for the 1st time in 1258, perhaps with the intention of conquering the whole of the modern day South East Asia and using it to attack the Indian sub-continent on the flank. They had also wanted to attack the Song empire from the south after defeating Vietnam.
在试图征服中国的同时，蒙古人决定在1258年第一次进攻越南，也许是为了征服整个现代东南亚，并利用它从侧面进攻印度次大陆。在击败越南之后，他们还想从南方进攻宋朝。
Did the Mongols take Vietnam seriously? Contrary to some people’s belief, the Mongols were extremely serious about their invasions of Vietnam. Success would guarantee not only Vietnam and its rich rice production of the Red River Delta but also open a gateway to the far-reaching richness of the whole region of Southeast Asia and establish a base to attack the Indian sub-continent from the east.
蒙古人重视越南吗？与一些人的看法相反，蒙古人对他们入侵越南的态度极其严肃。如果成功不仅可以保证越南及其红河三角洲丰富的水稻生产，还将打开通往整个东南亚地区的门户，并建立一个从东部进攻印度次大陆的基地。
They tried 3 times over a period of 30 years between 1258–1288. In each of the 2nd and 3rd (final) invasions , 1278 and 1288 respectively, having defeated the Song, now with more soldiers available, they again invaded Vietnam with a force of up to 500,000 soldiers, half a million (some source states between 300,000–500,000), an immensely huge force in those days.
在1258年至1288年的30年间，他们尝试了3次。在第二次和第三次（最后一次）入侵中，分别是1278年和1288年，他们击败了宋朝，有了更多的士兵，再次入侵越南，总兵力高达50万，这在当时是一支巨大的部队。
This colossal Mongol army brought with them not only fears but also astonishments to the 13th-century Vietnamese. So much so, a Vietnamese aphorism/proverb: “Nhiều như quân Nguyên” - ”So crowded, like Mongol soldiers” was born.
这支庞大的蒙古军队不仅给13世纪的越南人带来了噩梦。越南格言/谚语：“Nhiều nhưquân Nguyên”——“这里如此拥挤，就像蒙古士兵来了一样”诞生了。
It is still widely used in Vietnam today (especially in northern Vietnam, where all 3 invasions took place).
它在今天的越南仍然被广泛使用（尤其是在越南北部，三次入侵都发生在那里）。
The aphorism is a living proof that the historical records are indeed accurate - the Mongols did invade Vietnam with an abnormally large army in their final attempt and thus it can be deduced that the Mongols were dead serious about conquering Vietnam.
这句格言生动地证明了历史记录确实是准确的——蒙古人在最后的尝试中确实用一支异常庞大的军队入侵了越南，因此可以推断蒙古人对征服越南是非常认真的。
No such an aphorism exists in Vietnam for past invaders namely Chinese soldiers, French soldiers, Japanese soldiers or American GIs- only for the Mongols.
对于过去的侵略者，即中国士兵、法国士兵、日本士兵或美国大兵，在越南没有产生这样的格言——只有蒙古人。
What was the reason for such an unusually large Mongol army for a tiny country of Vietnam with only a small population? I will touch on this a bit later.
如此庞大的蒙古军队为什么要攻占人口极少的小国越南？我稍后再谈。
So why the Vietnamese succeeded and Chinese failed? Well, the mountainous terrains in Vietnam played a major role. Here in Vietnam the Mongols couldn't advance as fast and lost the momentum as well as the typical Mongol element of surprise. It was problematic for Genghis Khan’s soldiers just to reach the heartland of northern Vietnam’s alone. It was laborious work negotiating through hundreds of kilometres of difficult passages on the mountain ranges spanning the entire border between Vietnam and China. The Vietnamese therefore had a bit more time to prepare. The Chinese on the other hand, were often startled by the trademark lightning penetration of the Mongols’s cavalries attacks.
那么，为什么越南人成功了，中国人失败了呢？越南的山区地形起了重要作用。在越南，蒙古人无法快速前进，失去了动力，他们无法实施闪电战。对于成吉思汗的士兵来说，仅仅到达越南北部的中心地带都极其困难。在横跨越南和中国整个边境的山脉上，通过数百公里的艰难通道是一项艰巨的工作。因此，越南人有更多的时间准备。另一方面，中国人经常被蒙古人标志性的闪电般的进攻吓到。
Furthermore, by the time the Mongols attacked Vietnam for the 1st time in 1258, the Vietnamese had already been aware of the Mongols invasion of China for 50 years (beginning in around 1205). Their military tactics and strengths were known to the Vietnamese for decades.
此外，到1258年蒙古人第一次进攻越南时，蒙古人已经入侵中国50年了（大约从1205年开始）。几十年来，越南人比较了解他们的军事战术和实力。
Gateway to Vietnam for the Mongols
蒙古人通往越南的门户
As illustrated by the last picture of this answer, because of the difficult terrains, a sizeable section of the Mongol forces had to access the interior of Vietnam by rivers. They were the Mongols’ Marine Corps.
正如这个答案的最后一张照片所示，由于地形困难，相当一部分蒙古军队不得不通过河流进入越南内陆。蒙古人需要一支海军陆战队。
The harsh terrains also hampered the Mongols ability to supply and reinforce effectively once their army had entered Vietnam. The Vietnamese were deadly at ambushing the supplies and enforcement.
恶劣的地形也阻碍了蒙古人在军队进入越南后有效补给和增援的能力。越南人在伏击后勤补给方面表现得非常出色。
The Mongols knew Vietnam was so cut off from their bases in China and Mongolia. If the Mongols lost a major battle it would be curtains for them. Thus no second bite at the cherry.
蒙古人知道越南与他们在中国和蒙古的补给基地基本是隔绝的，如果蒙古人输掉任何一场重要的战役，那他们就完了。因此蒙古没有第二次机会。
The mountainous and jungle terrains also helped the Vietnamese with the actual fighting when they strategically retreated or forced to retreat to these areas. The Mongols sometimes chased the Vietnamese into jungles and mountains where the fighting ensued. The Vietnamese, being familiar with their environment had a clear advantage there, the Mongols, steppe people, flat-land horsey soldiers, totally out of their depth. The mountainous terrains were also used by the Vietnamese as military bases for their trademark guerrilla warfare, which gradually depleted and demoralised the Mongols forces.
当越南人战略性撤退或被迫撤退到这些地区时，山区和丛林地形也有助于他们进行实际战斗。蒙古人有时会追赶越南人进入丛林和山区，在那里战斗接踵而至。越南人熟悉他们的环境，在那里有明显的优势，蒙古人、草原人、平地骑兵，完全超出了他们的作战习惯。山区地形也被越南人用作其标志性游击战的军事基地，这逐渐耗尽了蒙古人的兵力并使其士气低落。
In China's case, there was sufficient flat land linking Mongolia all the way southward with all Chinese cities and provinces of strategical, political and economic importance . The Mongols were able to carry out their speedy mobilisation of their cavalries and their trademark lightning attacks, easy supplies and reinforcements whenever necessary. The terrains of China suited the Mongols military concept thus giving them the edge over the Song. The Mongols was able to maintain momentum and an element of surprise in China as opposed to in Vietnam.
就中国而言，有足够的平坦土地将蒙古一直向南与中国所有具有战略、政治和经济重要性的城市和省份连接起来。蒙古人能够迅速动员他们的骑兵，并在必要时进行标志性的闪电攻击、方便的补给和增援。中国的地形适合蒙古人的军事观念，因此使他们比宋朝更有优势。与越南相比，蒙古人能够在中国保持势头和出其不意的优势。
Another huge problem for China at the time was that it was fragmented with different factions more interested in fighting each others. It was an inward looking giant, very vulnerable to foreign aggression should it manifest itself. It did not therefore possess the ability to muster optimal military power to face what was already a formidable fighting force in the Mongols. A small number of factions even sided with the Mongols against the Song empire.
当时中国面临的另一个巨大问题是，它四分五裂，不同的派别对相互争斗更感兴趣。它是一个内部分裂的巨人，一旦表现出来，就很容易受到外国侵略。因此，它不具备召集最佳军事力量来面对蒙古人已经强大的战斗力量的能力。南宋内部少数派别甚至站在蒙古人一边反对宋帝国。
Not so dissimilar to China, infighting and civil wars were of course no strangers to the Vietnamese throughout their history but fortunately for Vietnam, the Tran dynasty had been in full control of Vietnam during all of the 3 Mongol invasions and had every able men available to fight the invaders. Not only that, the Tran Dynasty further maximised their military strength by securing an alliance with the Champa kingdom, which had also been under the Mongols’ radar for invasion.
与中国没有太大的不同，越南历史上的内讧和内战当然也不少，但幸运的是，特朗王朝在蒙古的三次入侵中都完全控制了越南，并团结所有有能力的人来对抗侵略者。不仅如此，特朗王朝通过确保与占婆王国结盟，进一步最大限度地提高了他们的军事实力，占婆王国也一直处于蒙古人的入侵目标之下。
In fact, the Mongols had previously asked the Vietnamese to allow them to use Vietnam only as a route to invade Champa. This request was refused. The Vietnamese didn’t fall for the Mongol’s trick knowing too well they would eventually attack Vietnam possibly on 2 fronts once they had conquered Champa.
事实上，蒙古人之前曾要求越南人只允许他们将越南作为入侵占婆的一条路线。此请求被拒绝。越南人并没有上蒙古人的当，因为他们非常清楚，一旦他们征服了占婆，他们最终可能会在两条战线上进攻越南。
In Vietnam, their cavalries were not as effective as they were in the spacious and flatter China or central Asia and Eastern Europe. Strategically the Mongols relied on the element of surprise with their speedy advance using horses - a revolutionary military concept, well ahead of its time. That was how they defeated most of their enemies, thrusting their cavalries with blistering speeds like a dagger into the heart of their unprepared enemies.
在越南，他们的骑兵不如在宽敞平坦的中国或中亚和东欧那么有效。在战略上，蒙古人依靠出其不意的元素，用马快速推进——这是一个革命性的军事概念，远远领先于当时。这就是他们击败大多数敌人的方式，他们像匕首一样以极快的速度将骑兵刺入毫无准备的敌人的心脏。
Much similar to what Hitler’s forces did so successfully at the start of world war 2 in France and other European countries almost 700 years later (I am not suggesting in any shape or form that Hitler learned from Genghis Khan. The time gap was too large for that, the technologies much more advanced with full gun-powdered weaponries, mechanized warfare, tanks and airplanes by the middle of the 20th century but sure, they both seemed to have employed a similar military concept in isolation).
与大约700年后第二次世界大战开始时希特勒的部队在法国和其他欧洲国家取得的成功非常相似（我并不是以任何形式或形式暗示希特勒从成吉思汗那里学到了什么。时间差距太大了，到20世纪中叶，全火药武器、机械化战争、坦克和飞机等技术要先进得多，但可以肯定的是，它们似乎都单独采用了类似的军事概念）。
The Vietnamese also adopted an important strategy whereby, unlike China and in fact many other countries attacked by the Mongols, the Vietnamese avoided confronting the Mongol forces head-on in battles at the beginning when the Mongol forces were still strong at all costs. The strategy prevented the Vietnamese from being surrounded and annihilated by the powerful and speedy Mongol cavalries - the Mongols’ strength.
越南人还采取了一项重要战略，即与中国以及事实上许多其他被蒙古人袭击的国家不同，越南人在蒙古军队仍然不惜一切代价强大的时候，避免在战斗开始时与蒙古军队正面对抗。这一战略防止了越南人被强大而快速的蒙古骑兵——蒙古人的力量——包围和消灭。
Mongols in Japan’s rough sea
日本波涛汹涌的大海中的蒙古人
Strategically the Vietnamese were therefore ready for the Mongols. At the start of the 3rd invasion, one of the Vietnamese generals confidently told Emperor Tran Thanh Tong: ‘Your Royal Highness, We will defeat them easily this time’.
因此，在战略上，越南人已经为蒙古人做好了准备。在第三次入侵开始时，一名越南将军自信地告诉Tran Thanh Tong皇帝：“殿下，这次我们将轻松击败他们”。
The Vietnamese employed a scorched earth policy in the final invasion as they had done previously in the 1st and 2nd, leaving hardly any produces for the Mongols to feed their soldiers and horses. Crucially, supplies and reinforcement from China by land were difficult and slow due to the mountainous terrains whilst those being undertaken by waterways were also slow, difficult to conceal, easily spotted, difficult to evade once spotted and therefore susceptible to sabotages by the Vietnamese.
越南人在最后的入侵中采取了焦土政策，就像他们之前在第一次和第二次入侵中所做的那样，几乎没有留下任何农产品给蒙古人喂养他们的士兵和马匹。至关重要的是，由于山区的地形，从中国通过陆路进行的补给和增援很困难，而且速度很慢，而通过水路进行的补给也很慢，很难隐藏，很容易被发现，一旦被发现就很难躲避，因此很容易受到越南人的破坏。
Water was not a medium the Mongols revelled in. Lest we forget they lost in Japan and Java because they had to enter the water. In Vietnam, a large percentage of their forces had to access the interior via rivers or the sea too due to difficult terrain. Vietnam also had a long coastline contributing to the existence of a relatively large and powerful naval force. The Vietnamese’ experience, knowledge of naval warfare and size of their naval force were in fact much underestimated.
蒙古人不喜欢水，但他们必须下水。在越南，由于地形困难，他们的大部分部队也不得不通过河流或大海进入内陆。越南还有很长的海岸线，这有助于建立一支相对庞大和强大的海军力量。事实上，越南人的经验、海战知识和海军力量都被低估了。
To compound the matter for the Mongols, the tropical heat of northern Vietnam’s summer sapped the Mongol soldiers of their strength and together with hunger, many of them succumbed to strange tropical diseases.
更令蒙古人雪上加霜的是，越南北部夏季的热带高温耗尽了蒙古士兵的力量，加上饥饿，他们中的许多人死于奇怪的热带疾病。
The World’s climate map.
世界气候地图
In contrast, in China, where the climate being mostly Arid and Temperate, the Mongols generally did not have to suffer the unfamiliar humidity, heat and diseases of an alien Tropical world of Vietnam.
相比之下，在中国，那里的气候大多是干旱和温带的，蒙古人通常不必忍受陌生的潮湿、炎热和越南热带世界的疾病。
这是蒙古国首都乌兰巴托，年平均气温为-0.4°C或31.3°F（有记录以来的最低气温为-48°C），是世界上最冷的首都。
The final battle/最后一战
The Vietnamese strategically waged guerrilla warfare to chip at the Mongols' army and fought defensive battles to hold the Mongols to bide time. They waited until the Mongols fighting capability had been greatly diminished by hunger, tropical diseases and guerrilla attacks, then gathering all their large ships together, decisively counter-attacked in a bloody boarding and missile aquatic battle. Unable to withstand the sudden and aggressive naval onslaught, the Mongols’ fleet retreated in the direction of China, upstream of the river Bach Dang. Their route downstream to the sea was blocked by large Vietnamese battleships. What the Mongols did not know was that they were heading straight into a deadly trap set by the Vietnamese.
越南人从战略上发动游击战以打击蒙古人的军队，并进行防御战以拖延蒙古人等待时机。他们一直等到蒙古人的战斗力因饥饿、热带疾病和游击队的袭击而大大削弱，然后把所有的大船集合在一起，在一场血腥的登船和导弹水上战斗中果断反击。由于无法抵御突如其来的侵略性海军进攻，蒙古人的舰队从巴赫当河向中国方向撤退。他们向下游出海的路线被越南大型战列舰封锁。蒙古人不知道的是，他们正直接进入越南人设置的致命陷阱。
越南军队在退潮时诱骗400多人的蒙古人的大型船队进入陷阱，并用小型、快速、机动性更强的船只在巴赫当河上将其摧毁
Prior to the naval battle, the Vietnamese had hammered or simply dropped (with rocky bases) hundreds of steel-capped wooden stakes into the river-bed. It can be said that the erection was meticulously controlled and the Vietnamese knew their stakes well. The heights of the stakes were controlled such that at high tide they were well below the surface while being just a couple of feet below at low tide. They were designed to puncture the undersides of the Mongols timber war ships at low tide and block the Mongols retreating route. The timing of the naval attack therefore coincided with the daily low tide.
在海战之前，越南人已经将数百根钢制木桩（用岩石底座）锤击或简单地扔到河床中。可以说，架设是精心控制的。木桩的高度受到控制，在高潮时，木桩远低于水面，而在低潮时，木桩仅低于水面几英尺。它们的设计目的是在退潮时刺穿蒙古人的木材战船下侧，阻断蒙古人的撤退路线。因此，海军进攻的时机正好与每天的低潮相吻合。
准备放置在河里的钢制木桩
Hundreds small boats, prepared in the weeks prior to the battle, were waiting further upstream for the expected stranded Mongols fleet. These small boats timely moved downstream onto the river battle field manoeuvring between the wooden stakes or even gliding above them, both of which the cumbersome, deep-waterline vessels of the Mongols were unable to manage. Using missiles and fire-arrows the Vietnamese soldiers decimated the now immobilised Mongols large war ships from their fast-moving small boats with ease .
数百艘小船在战斗前几周准备好，在上游等待预计搁浅的蒙古舰队。这些小船及时地向下游移动到河上的战场上，在木桩之间机动，甚至在木桩上方滑行，这两种情况蒙古人笨重的深水线船只都无法控制。越南士兵用导弹和箭轻而易举地从快速移动的小船上摧毁了现在已经瘫痪的蒙古大型战舰。
Meanwhile, the equally weakened Mongol cavalries being simultaneously attacked on land, beat a hasty retreat back to China, never to return.
与此同时，同样衰弱的蒙古骑兵同时在陆地上遭到攻击，匆忙撤退回中国，再也没有回来。
Trần Hưngạo-永远被越南人崇拜的将军
To wrap up,The victory was the results of:
总而言之，胜利的结果是：
The mountainous terrains favouring the Vietnamese soldiers in jungle fighting while slowing down the Mongols cavalries, hampering and sabotaging supplies & reinforcements
山区地形有利于越南士兵在丛林中作战，同时减缓了蒙古骑兵的速度，阻碍和破坏了补给和增援
Natural defences by ways of strength-sapping heat, humidity and deadly tropical diseases,
通过削弱热量、湿度和致命热带疾病的方式进行的自然防御
Scorched-earth strategy denying the Mongol soldiers and their horses of food.
焦土战略剥夺了蒙古士兵和他们的马匹的食物。
The Mongols had to result to part- cavalry, part-naval warfare due to the 1st bullet point. The Vietnamese naval force was more powerful than anticipated, more experienced than that of the Mongols and coupled with the above, able to defeat the Mongol fleet on the Bach Dang river.
蒙古人不得不进行半骑兵半海战。越南海军力量比预期的更强大，比蒙古人更有经验，再加上以上因素，能够在巴赫当河上击败蒙古舰队。
The foxy military tactics of the Vietnamese in using guerrilla warfare, avoiding big battles when the enemies were still strong, successfully avoiding typical Mongol sieges and making use of the tides.
越南人在游击战中采用的狡猾的军事战术，在敌人还很强大的时候避免了正面硬刚，成功地避免了蒙古大军的围困，并有效利用了潮汐等自然条件消灭蒙古海军。
For the Vietnamese, the 3 victories over the formidable army of Genghis Khan have undoubtedly elevated their confidence. This was the 1st time an established Vietnam resisted a foreign invasion, and what invasions they were. The victories prepared them well for the many future wars against invading enemies. It was from their sacrifices, gallantry and success in the fights for survival between 1258 and 1288 that a tradition seemed to have been born.
对越南人来说，3次战胜强大的成吉思汗军队无疑增强了他们的信心。这是一个已建立的越南第一次抵抗外国入侵，以及它们是什么入侵。这些胜利使他们为未来与侵略敌人的多次战争做好了充分准备。正是从他们在1258年至1288年间为生存而战的牺牲、英勇和成功中，一种传统似乎诞生了。
Truly risen from the smouldering ashes of the 3 Mongol wars, that tradition permanently woven itself into the Vietnamese mentality and culture. The Vietnamese would go on to consolidate their unique tradition and to triumph in the subsequent wars to defend their motherland and preserve independence just like their ancestors had done during that critical second half of the 13th century.
这一传统确实是从三次蒙古战争的灰烬中崛起的，它将自己永久地融入了越南人的思想和文化中。越南人将继续巩固他们独特的传统，并在随后的战争中获胜，以保卫他们的祖国和保持独立，就像他们的祖先在13世纪后半叶所做的那样。
That’s the end of my answer.
我的答案到此为止。
Thank you for reading, ladies and gentlemen
谢谢你们的阅读，女士们，先生们
越南网友Tran Phone Hung的回答
One interesting fact emerging from this period of history is that merely a handful of only Asian-based countries managed to really defeat the Mongols and prevent occupation. They were Vietnam, (combined forces with Champa), Java (now Indonesia), the Delhi Sultanate (India), Egypt and Japan.
这段历史中有一个有趣的事实是，只有少数几个亚洲国家成功地击败了蒙古人并阻止了侵略，他们是越南（与占婆的联合部队）、爪哇（现在的印度尼西亚）、德里苏丹国（印度）、埃及和日本。
Japan were thought to have been saved by a powerful storm the Japanese later called Kamikaze, or Divine Wind, that sank the mongol invasion fleet off the coast of Japan. That’s not to say Japan would definitely be conquered, in fact highly unlikely due to reinforcement problems and inability of the Mongols to implement their trademark lightning cavalry attacks because of the sea.
日本被认为是被一场强大的海洋风暴拯救的，这场风暴后来被日本人称为神风，使蒙古入侵舰队在日本海岸沉没。这并不是说日本一定会被征服，事实上，由于增援问题，以及蒙古人由于海战而无法实施其标志性的闪电骑兵攻击，日本极不可能被征服。
The Mongols were also defeated in several battles in Eastern Europe (such as in Hungry and Poland) but by and large they succeeded in conquering Eastern Europe including Russia at the end.
蒙古人在东欧的几场战役中也被击败（如在匈牙利和波兰），但总的来说，他们最终成功地征服了东欧，包括俄罗斯。
Most of the East Asian, including China, Central Asian, Middle Eastern countries subjected to the ancient ‘Blitzkrieg’ of the Mongols were also conquered.
大多数东亚国家，包括中国、中亚和中东国家，都被蒙古人征服了。
The Mongols were the first people who really made effective use of the speeds and in particular the amazing stamina of horses. The Mongols were people of the central Asia’s steppes and horses backs were their cradles at birth. They were said to be able to hit a bulls-eye with arrows while riding their horses flat out.
蒙古人是第一批真正有效利用骑兵速度速战速决的人，尤其再加上马惊人的耐力，让他们所向披靡。蒙古人是中亚草原上的人，马背是他们出生时的摇篮。据说他们能够在骑马时用箭射中靶心。
The Mongols fearsome reputation also played a big part in their successful conquest. They killed and massacred without mercy those who refused to be subjugated.The mere rumour of the Mongols’ approaching cavalries was enough to make many of their enemies flee or surrender without a fight. Those who chose to fight did so to their own perils. In Hungary, for example, the Mongols decimated half of the total population.
蒙古人骇人的名声也在他们成功征服的过程中发挥了重要作用。他们毫不留情地杀害和屠杀那些拒绝被征服的人。仅仅是蒙古人骑兵逼近的传言就足以让他们的许多敌人不战而败地逃跑或投降。那些选择战斗的人是为了自己的危险。例如，在匈牙利，蒙古人屠杀了一半的人口。
The Mongol fearsome cavalries.
蒙古人令人生畏的骑兵。
Those who showed submission were treated with relative respects. It wasn't uncommon for the Mongols to learn the cultures of the conquered peoples or even embrace their religions.
那些表现出顺从的人受到了相对尊重。蒙古人学习被征服民族的文化，甚至信奉他们的宗教，这并不罕见。
The Mongols were great learners of new technologies too. They absorbed advanced technologies like a sponge, especially those in the field of weaponries from the Middle East and particularly China, where gunpowder and cannons had been invented. They learned ship building and naval warfare from the Chinese also. They used these technologies with devastating effects on their conquests including in the countries where the technologies had originated from.
蒙古人也是新技术的伟大学习者。他们像海绵一样吸收了先进的技术，尤其是来自中东的武器领域的技术，特别是中国，那里发明了火药和大炮。他们还向中国人学习造船和海战。他们使用这些技术对他们的征服产生了毁灭性的影响，包括在这些技术起源的国家。
The above 5 nations won primarily because for one reason or another, they didn’t have to face the full head-on power and speed of Genghis Khan’s cavalry ‘Blitzkrieg’ tactic. It was due to the unfavourable(from the Mongols perspectives) locations or terrains of these countries. No one could have beaten the Mongols at their own game on the flat land otherwise.
上述5个国家之所以获胜，主要是因为他们不必面对成吉思汗骑兵“闪电战”战术的全面正面力量和速度。这是因为（从蒙古人的角度来看）这些国家的地理位置或地形不利。否则，没有人能在平坦的土地上在自己的游戏中击败蒙古人。
Even though China eventually succumbed to the Mongols she put up a long and determined resistance, several times coming close to defeating the Mongols. China proved to be the toughest nut to crack out of all the conquered nations. China was also the country that finally brought on the demise of the Mongol empire by eventually overthrowing the Yuan. Only after the great Genghis Khan had passed away that his grandson Kublai Khan succeeded in putting China under their rules by eventually defeating the Song Dynasty in 1276.
尽管中国最终屈服于蒙古人，但她进行了长期而坚定的抵抗，几次差点击败蒙古人。事实证明，在所有被征服的国家中，中国是最难对付的。中国也是最终推翻元朝而导致蒙古帝国灭亡的国家。直到伟大的成吉思汗去世后，他的孙子忽必烈才成功地将中国置于他们的统治之下，最终在1276年击败了宋朝。
While trying to conquer China, The Mongols decided to attack Vietnam for the 1st time in 1258, perhaps with the intention of conquering the whole of the modern day South East Asia and using it to attack the Indian sub-continent on the flank. They had also wanted to attack the Song empire from the south after defeating Vietnam.
在试图征服中国的同时，蒙古人决定在1258年第一次进攻越南，也许是为了征服整个现代东南亚，并利用它从侧面进攻印度次大陆。在击败越南之后，他们还想从南方进攻宋朝。
Did the Mongols take Vietnam seriously? Contrary to some people’s belief, the Mongols were extremely serious about their invasions of Vietnam. Success would guarantee not only Vietnam and its rich rice production of the Red River Delta but also open a gateway to the far-reaching richness of the whole region of Southeast Asia and establish a base to attack the Indian sub-continent from the east.
蒙古人重视越南吗？与一些人的看法相反，蒙古人对他们入侵越南的态度极其严肃。如果成功不仅可以保证越南及其红河三角洲丰富的水稻生产，还将打开通往整个东南亚地区的门户，并建立一个从东部进攻印度次大陆的基地。
They tried 3 times over a period of 30 years between 1258–1288. In each of the 2nd and 3rd (final) invasions , 1278 and 1288 respectively, having defeated the Song, now with more soldiers available, they again invaded Vietnam with a force of up to 500,000 soldiers, half a million (some source states between 300,000–500,000), an immensely huge force in those days.
在1258年至1288年的30年间，他们尝试了3次。在第二次和第三次（最后一次）入侵中，分别是1278年和1288年，他们击败了宋朝，有了更多的士兵，再次入侵越南，总兵力高达50万，这在当时是一支巨大的部队。
This colossal Mongol army brought with them not only fears but also astonishments to the 13th-century Vietnamese. So much so, a Vietnamese aphorism/proverb: “Nhiều như quân Nguyên” - ”So crowded, like Mongol soldiers” was born.
这支庞大的蒙古军队不仅给13世纪的越南人带来了噩梦。越南格言/谚语：“Nhiều nhưquân Nguyên”——“这里如此拥挤，就像蒙古士兵来了一样”诞生了。
It is still widely used in Vietnam today (especially in northern Vietnam, where all 3 invasions took place).
它在今天的越南仍然被广泛使用（尤其是在越南北部，三次入侵都发生在那里）。
The aphorism is a living proof that the historical records are indeed accurate - the Mongols did invade Vietnam with an abnormally large army in their final attempt and thus it can be deduced that the Mongols were dead serious about conquering Vietnam.
这句格言生动地证明了历史记录确实是准确的——蒙古人在最后的尝试中确实用一支异常庞大的军队入侵了越南，因此可以推断蒙古人对征服越南是非常认真的。
No such an aphorism exists in Vietnam for past invaders namely Chinese soldiers, French soldiers, Japanese soldiers or American GIs- only for the Mongols.
对于过去的侵略者，即中国士兵、法国士兵、日本士兵或美国大兵，在越南没有产生这样的格言——只有蒙古人。
What was the reason for such an unusually large Mongol army for a tiny country of Vietnam with only a small population? I will touch on this a bit later.
如此庞大的蒙古军队为什么要攻占人口极少的小国越南？我稍后再谈。
So why the Vietnamese succeeded and Chinese failed? Well, the mountainous terrains in Vietnam played a major role. Here in Vietnam the Mongols couldn't advance as fast and lost the momentum as well as the typical Mongol element of surprise. It was problematic for Genghis Khan’s soldiers just to reach the heartland of northern Vietnam’s alone. It was laborious work negotiating through hundreds of kilometres of difficult passages on the mountain ranges spanning the entire border between Vietnam and China. The Vietnamese therefore had a bit more time to prepare. The Chinese on the other hand, were often startled by the trademark lightning penetration of the Mongols’s cavalries attacks.
那么，为什么越南人成功了，中国人失败了呢？越南的山区地形起了重要作用。在越南，蒙古人无法快速前进，失去了动力，他们无法实施闪电战。对于成吉思汗的士兵来说，仅仅到达越南北部的中心地带都极其困难。在横跨越南和中国整个边境的山脉上，通过数百公里的艰难通道是一项艰巨的工作。因此，越南人有更多的时间准备。另一方面，中国人经常被蒙古人标志性的闪电般的进攻吓到。
Furthermore, by the time the Mongols attacked Vietnam for the 1st time in 1258, the Vietnamese had already been aware of the Mongols invasion of China for 50 years (beginning in around 1205). Their military tactics and strengths were known to the Vietnamese for decades.
此外，到1258年蒙古人第一次进攻越南时，蒙古人已经入侵中国50年了（大约从1205年开始）。几十年来，越南人比较了解他们的军事战术和实力。
Gateway to Vietnam for the Mongols
蒙古人通往越南的门户
As illustrated by the last picture of this answer, because of the difficult terrains, a sizeable section of the Mongol forces had to access the interior of Vietnam by rivers. They were the Mongols’ Marine Corps.
正如这个答案的最后一张照片所示，由于地形困难，相当一部分蒙古军队不得不通过河流进入越南内陆。蒙古人需要一支海军陆战队。
The harsh terrains also hampered the Mongols ability to supply and reinforce effectively once their army had entered Vietnam. The Vietnamese were deadly at ambushing the supplies and enforcement.
恶劣的地形也阻碍了蒙古人在军队进入越南后有效补给和增援的能力。越南人在伏击后勤补给方面表现得非常出色。
The Mongols knew Vietnam was so cut off from their bases in China and Mongolia. If the Mongols lost a major battle it would be curtains for them. Thus no second bite at the cherry.
蒙古人知道越南与他们在中国和蒙古的补给基地基本是隔绝的，如果蒙古人输掉任何一场重要的战役，那他们就完了。因此蒙古没有第二次机会。
The mountainous and jungle terrains also helped the Vietnamese with the actual fighting when they strategically retreated or forced to retreat to these areas. The Mongols sometimes chased the Vietnamese into jungles and mountains where the fighting ensued. The Vietnamese, being familiar with their environment had a clear advantage there, the Mongols, steppe people, flat-land horsey soldiers, totally out of their depth. The mountainous terrains were also used by the Vietnamese as military bases for their trademark guerrilla warfare, which gradually depleted and demoralised the Mongols forces.
当越南人战略性撤退或被迫撤退到这些地区时，山区和丛林地形也有助于他们进行实际战斗。蒙古人有时会追赶越南人进入丛林和山区，在那里战斗接踵而至。越南人熟悉他们的环境，在那里有明显的优势，蒙古人、草原人、平地骑兵，完全超出了他们的作战习惯。山区地形也被越南人用作其标志性游击战的军事基地，这逐渐耗尽了蒙古人的兵力并使其士气低落。
In China's case, there was sufficient flat land linking Mongolia all the way southward with all Chinese cities and provinces of strategical, political and economic importance . The Mongols were able to carry out their speedy mobilisation of their cavalries and their trademark lightning attacks, easy supplies and reinforcements whenever necessary. The terrains of China suited the Mongols military concept thus giving them the edge over the Song. The Mongols was able to maintain momentum and an element of surprise in China as opposed to in Vietnam.
就中国而言，有足够的平坦土地将蒙古一直向南与中国所有具有战略、政治和经济重要性的城市和省份连接起来。蒙古人能够迅速动员他们的骑兵，并在必要时进行标志性的闪电攻击、方便的补给和增援。中国的地形适合蒙古人的军事观念，因此使他们比宋朝更有优势。与越南相比，蒙古人能够在中国保持势头和出其不意的优势。
Another huge problem for China at the time was that it was fragmented with different factions more interested in fighting each others. It was an inward looking giant, very vulnerable to foreign aggression should it manifest itself. It did not therefore possess the ability to muster optimal military power to face what was already a formidable fighting force in the Mongols. A small number of factions even sided with the Mongols against the Song empire.
当时中国面临的另一个巨大问题是，它四分五裂，不同的派别对相互争斗更感兴趣。它是一个内部分裂的巨人，一旦表现出来，就很容易受到外国侵略。因此，它不具备召集最佳军事力量来面对蒙古人已经强大的战斗力量的能力。南宋内部少数派别甚至站在蒙古人一边反对宋帝国。
Not so dissimilar to China, infighting and civil wars were of course no strangers to the Vietnamese throughout their history but fortunately for Vietnam, the Tran dynasty had been in full control of Vietnam during all of the 3 Mongol invasions and had every able men available to fight the invaders. Not only that, the Tran Dynasty further maximised their military strength by securing an alliance with the Champa kingdom, which had also been under the Mongols’ radar for invasion.
与中国没有太大的不同，越南历史上的内讧和内战当然也不少，但幸运的是，特朗王朝在蒙古的三次入侵中都完全控制了越南，并团结所有有能力的人来对抗侵略者。不仅如此，特朗王朝通过确保与占婆王国结盟，进一步最大限度地提高了他们的军事实力，占婆王国也一直处于蒙古人的入侵目标之下。
In fact, the Mongols had previously asked the Vietnamese to allow them to use Vietnam only as a route to invade Champa. This request was refused. The Vietnamese didn’t fall for the Mongol’s trick knowing too well they would eventually attack Vietnam possibly on 2 fronts once they had conquered Champa.
事实上，蒙古人之前曾要求越南人只允许他们将越南作为入侵占婆的一条路线。此请求被拒绝。越南人并没有上蒙古人的当，因为他们非常清楚，一旦他们征服了占婆，他们最终可能会在两条战线上进攻越南。
In Vietnam, their cavalries were not as effective as they were in the spacious and flatter China or central Asia and Eastern Europe. Strategically the Mongols relied on the element of surprise with their speedy advance using horses - a revolutionary military concept, well ahead of its time. That was how they defeated most of their enemies, thrusting their cavalries with blistering speeds like a dagger into the heart of their unprepared enemies.
在越南，他们的骑兵不如在宽敞平坦的中国或中亚和东欧那么有效。在战略上，蒙古人依靠出其不意的元素，用马快速推进——这是一个革命性的军事概念，远远领先于当时。这就是他们击败大多数敌人的方式，他们像匕首一样以极快的速度将骑兵刺入毫无准备的敌人的心脏。
Much similar to what Hitler’s forces did so successfully at the start of world war 2 in France and other European countries almost 700 years later (I am not suggesting in any shape or form that Hitler learned from Genghis Khan. The time gap was too large for that, the technologies much more advanced with full gun-powdered weaponries, mechanized warfare, tanks and airplanes by the middle of the 20th century but sure, they both seemed to have employed a similar military concept in isolation).
与大约700年后第二次世界大战开始时希特勒的部队在法国和其他欧洲国家取得的成功非常相似（我并不是以任何形式或形式暗示希特勒从成吉思汗那里学到了什么。时间差距太大了，到20世纪中叶，全火药武器、机械化战争、坦克和飞机等技术要先进得多，但可以肯定的是，它们似乎都单独采用了类似的军事概念）。
The Vietnamese also adopted an important strategy whereby, unlike China and in fact many other countries attacked by the Mongols, the Vietnamese avoided confronting the Mongol forces head-on in battles at the beginning when the Mongol forces were still strong at all costs. The strategy prevented the Vietnamese from being surrounded and annihilated by the powerful and speedy Mongol cavalries - the Mongols’ strength.
越南人还采取了一项重要战略，即与中国以及事实上许多其他被蒙古人袭击的国家不同，越南人在蒙古军队仍然不惜一切代价强大的时候，避免在战斗开始时与蒙古军队正面对抗。这一战略防止了越南人被强大而快速的蒙古骑兵——蒙古人的力量——包围和消灭。
Mongols in Japan’s rough sea
日本波涛汹涌的大海中的蒙古人
Strategically the Vietnamese were therefore ready for the Mongols. At the start of the 3rd invasion, one of the Vietnamese generals confidently told Emperor Tran Thanh Tong: ‘Your Royal Highness, We will defeat them easily this time’.
因此，在战略上，越南人已经为蒙古人做好了准备。在第三次入侵开始时，一名越南将军自信地告诉Tran Thanh Tong皇帝：“殿下，这次我们将轻松击败他们”。
The Vietnamese employed a scorched earth policy in the final invasion as they had done previously in the 1st and 2nd, leaving hardly any produces for the Mongols to feed their soldiers and horses. Crucially, supplies and reinforcement from China by land were difficult and slow due to the mountainous terrains whilst those being undertaken by waterways were also slow, difficult to conceal, easily spotted, difficult to evade once spotted and therefore susceptible to sabotages by the Vietnamese.
越南人在最后的入侵中采取了焦土政策，就像他们之前在第一次和第二次入侵中所做的那样，几乎没有留下任何农产品给蒙古人喂养他们的士兵和马匹。至关重要的是，由于山区的地形，从中国通过陆路进行的补给和增援很困难，而且速度很慢，而通过水路进行的补给也很慢，很难隐藏，很容易被发现，一旦被发现就很难躲避，因此很容易受到越南人的破坏。
Water was not a medium the Mongols revelled in. Lest we forget they lost in Japan and Java because they had to enter the water. In Vietnam, a large percentage of their forces had to access the interior via rivers or the sea too due to difficult terrain. Vietnam also had a long coastline contributing to the existence of a relatively large and powerful naval force. The Vietnamese’ experience, knowledge of naval warfare and size of their naval force were in fact much underestimated.
蒙古人不喜欢水，但他们必须下水。在越南，由于地形困难，他们的大部分部队也不得不通过河流或大海进入内陆。越南还有很长的海岸线，这有助于建立一支相对庞大和强大的海军力量。事实上，越南人的经验、海战知识和海军力量都被低估了。
To compound the matter for the Mongols, the tropical heat of northern Vietnam’s summer sapped the Mongol soldiers of their strength and together with hunger, many of them succumbed to strange tropical diseases.
更令蒙古人雪上加霜的是，越南北部夏季的热带高温耗尽了蒙古士兵的力量，加上饥饿，他们中的许多人死于奇怪的热带疾病。
The World’s climate map.
世界气候地图
In contrast, in China, where the climate being mostly Arid and Temperate, the Mongols generally did not have to suffer the unfamiliar humidity, heat and diseases of an alien Tropical world of Vietnam.
相比之下，在中国，那里的气候大多是干旱和温带的，蒙古人通常不必忍受陌生的潮湿、炎热和越南热带世界的疾病。
这是蒙古国首都乌兰巴托，年平均气温为-0.4°C或31.3°F（有记录以来的最低气温为-48°C），是世界上最冷的首都。
The final battle/最后一战
The Vietnamese strategically waged guerrilla warfare to chip at the Mongols' army and fought defensive battles to hold the Mongols to bide time. They waited until the Mongols fighting capability had been greatly diminished by hunger, tropical diseases and guerrilla attacks, then gathering all their large ships together, decisively counter-attacked in a bloody boarding and missile aquatic battle. Unable to withstand the sudden and aggressive naval onslaught, the Mongols’ fleet retreated in the direction of China, upstream of the river Bach Dang. Their route downstream to the sea was blocked by large Vietnamese battleships. What the Mongols did not know was that they were heading straight into a deadly trap set by the Vietnamese.
越南人从战略上发动游击战以打击蒙古人的军队，并进行防御战以拖延蒙古人等待时机。他们一直等到蒙古人的战斗力因饥饿、热带疾病和游击队的袭击而大大削弱，然后把所有的大船集合在一起，在一场血腥的登船和导弹水上战斗中果断反击。由于无法抵御突如其来的侵略性海军进攻，蒙古人的舰队从巴赫当河向中国方向撤退。他们向下游出海的路线被越南大型战列舰封锁。蒙古人不知道的是，他们正直接进入越南人设置的致命陷阱。
越南军队在退潮时诱骗400多人的蒙古人的大型船队进入陷阱，并用小型、快速、机动性更强的船只在巴赫当河上将其摧毁
Prior to the naval battle, the Vietnamese had hammered or simply dropped (with rocky bases) hundreds of steel-capped wooden stakes into the river-bed. It can be said that the erection was meticulously controlled and the Vietnamese knew their stakes well. The heights of the stakes were controlled such that at high tide they were well below the surface while being just a couple of feet below at low tide. They were designed to puncture the undersides of the Mongols timber war ships at low tide and block the Mongols retreating route. The timing of the naval attack therefore coincided with the daily low tide.
在海战之前，越南人已经将数百根钢制木桩（用岩石底座）锤击或简单地扔到河床中。可以说，架设是精心控制的。木桩的高度受到控制，在高潮时，木桩远低于水面，而在低潮时，木桩仅低于水面几英尺。它们的设计目的是在退潮时刺穿蒙古人的木材战船下侧，阻断蒙古人的撤退路线。因此，海军进攻的时机正好与每天的低潮相吻合。
准备放置在河里的钢制木桩
Hundreds small boats, prepared in the weeks prior to the battle, were waiting further upstream for the expected stranded Mongols fleet. These small boats timely moved downstream onto the river battle field manoeuvring between the wooden stakes or even gliding above them, both of which the cumbersome, deep-waterline vessels of the Mongols were unable to manage. Using missiles and fire-arrows the Vietnamese soldiers decimated the now immobilised Mongols large war ships from their fast-moving small boats with ease .
数百艘小船在战斗前几周准备好，在上游等待预计搁浅的蒙古舰队。这些小船及时地向下游移动到河上的战场上，在木桩之间机动，甚至在木桩上方滑行，这两种情况蒙古人笨重的深水线船只都无法控制。越南士兵用导弹和箭轻而易举地从快速移动的小船上摧毁了现在已经瘫痪的蒙古大型战舰。
Meanwhile, the equally weakened Mongol cavalries being simultaneously attacked on land, beat a hasty retreat back to China, never to return.
与此同时，同样衰弱的蒙古骑兵同时在陆地上遭到攻击，匆忙撤退回中国，再也没有回来。
Trần Hưngạo-永远被越南人崇拜的将军
To wrap up,The victory was the results of:
总而言之，胜利的结果是：
The mountainous terrains favouring the Vietnamese soldiers in jungle fighting while slowing down the Mongols cavalries, hampering and sabotaging supplies & reinforcements
山区地形有利于越南士兵在丛林中作战，同时减缓了蒙古骑兵的速度，阻碍和破坏了补给和增援
Natural defences by ways of strength-sapping heat, humidity and deadly tropical diseases,
通过削弱热量、湿度和致命热带疾病的方式进行的自然防御
Scorched-earth strategy denying the Mongol soldiers and their horses of food.
焦土战略剥夺了蒙古士兵和他们的马匹的食物。
The Mongols had to result to part- cavalry, part-naval warfare due to the 1st bullet point. The Vietnamese naval force was more powerful than anticipated, more experienced than that of the Mongols and coupled with the above, able to defeat the Mongol fleet on the Bach Dang river.
蒙古人不得不进行半骑兵半海战。越南海军力量比预期的更强大，比蒙古人更有经验，再加上以上因素，能够在巴赫当河上击败蒙古舰队。
The foxy military tactics of the Vietnamese in using guerrilla warfare, avoiding big battles when the enemies were still strong, successfully avoiding typical Mongol sieges and making use of the tides.
越南人在游击战中采用的狡猾的军事战术，在敌人还很强大的时候避免了正面硬刚，成功地避免了蒙古大军的围困，并有效利用了潮汐等自然条件消灭蒙古海军。
For the Vietnamese, the 3 victories over the formidable army of Genghis Khan have undoubtedly elevated their confidence. This was the 1st time an established Vietnam resisted a foreign invasion, and what invasions they were. The victories prepared them well for the many future wars against invading enemies. It was from their sacrifices, gallantry and success in the fights for survival between 1258 and 1288 that a tradition seemed to have been born.
对越南人来说，3次战胜强大的成吉思汗军队无疑增强了他们的信心。这是一个已建立的越南第一次抵抗外国入侵，以及它们是什么入侵。这些胜利使他们为未来与侵略敌人的多次战争做好了充分准备。正是从他们在1258年至1288年间为生存而战的牺牲、英勇和成功中，一种传统似乎诞生了。
Truly risen from the smouldering ashes of the 3 Mongol wars, that tradition permanently woven itself into the Vietnamese mentality and culture. The Vietnamese would go on to consolidate their unique tradition and to triumph in the subsequent wars to defend their motherland and preserve independence just like their ancestors had done during that critical second half of the 13th century.
这一传统确实是从三次蒙古战争的灰烬中崛起的，它将自己永久地融入了越南人的思想和文化中。越南人将继续巩固他们独特的传统，并在随后的战争中获胜，以保卫他们的祖国和保持独立，就像他们的祖先在13世纪后半叶所做的那样。
That’s the end of my answer.
我的答案到此为止。
Thank you for reading, ladies and gentlemen
谢谢你们的阅读，女士们，先生们
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