Rory Truex, an assistant professor at Princeton University, explains that 20 months of investigations in 2019 and 2020 under the initiative resulted in formal charges at 10 U.S. universities or research institutions, only three of which involved evidence of espionage, theft, or transfer of IP: “Given that there are about 107,000 Chinese citizens in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) at U.S. universities at the graduate level or above, current [Justice Department] charges imply a criminality rate in this population of .0000934, less than 1/10,000.”